Tuesday, 27 December 2011

The cholesterol/heart disease hypothesis is false

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This study was published in Medical Services Journal Canada 1963 Jun;19:410-20

Study title and authors:
Serum lipid levels and the severity of coronary and cerebral atherosclerosis in adequately-nourished men, 60-69 years of age.
PATERSON JC, ARMSTRONG R, ARMSTRONG EC.

This study can be accessed at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13941824

This study measured the cholesterol levels of 42 war veterans aged 60-69 at post-mortem to investigate the relationship between cholesterol levels and blockage of the arteries.

The study found:
(a) There was NO correlation between cholesterol levels and the amount of blockage in the arteries.
(b) Those who had lower cholesterol had suffered from more previous heart attacks and blood clots than had those who had higher cholesterol.
(c) One man had a cholesterol level of only 111mg/dL (2.8 mmol/l). He had suffered a heart attack and had severe blockage of the arteries.

This study shows that the cholesterol/heart disease hypothesis is false.
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Saturday, 24 December 2011

Ancel Keys 6 countries study actually shows the more animal fat and animal protein you eat, the longer you live!

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This study was published in the Journal of the Mount Sinai Hospital, New York 1953 Jul-Aug;20(2):118-39.

Study title and author:
Atherosclerosis: a problem in newer public health.
KEYS A.

This study can be accessed at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13085148

This study examined the effect of fat consumption and death rates from heart disease in males aged 55-59 from 6 countries.

In this study Keys set out to prove that a higher fat intake was associated with a higher death rate from heart disease.

He used data from 6 countries (Japan, Italy, United Kingdom, Australia, Canada and USA) that did seem to show that a higher fat consumption would lead to higher rates of heart disease.

However Keys actually had data for 22 countries. For reasons known only to himself he decided to ignore the data from the other 16. The other countries were, Austria, Ceylon, Chile, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Israel, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Sweden and Switzerland.

When the data for all 22 countries are taken into account, there is a totally different outcome. 

The data actually shows:
(a) Those who ate more animal fat lived longer.
(b) Those who ate more animal protein lived longer.
(c) Those who ate more plant protein died earlier.
(d) Those who ate more carbohydrate died earlier.

This study from Keys is often quoted as proof that a high fat diet is dangerous. When Keys data is analysed it shows that more animal fat in the diet actually extends life and more carbohydrate in the diet lowers life expectancy.
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Wednesday, 21 December 2011

Women should not be prescribed statins as they fail to provide any overall health benefit

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This article was published in the British Medical Journal 2007 May 12; 334(7601): 983

Study title and author:
Malcolm Kendrick, general practitioner
24 Prestwick Close, Tytherington, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 2TH

This paper can be accessed at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1867901/?tool=pubmed

Dr. Kendrick believes there is little or no evidence of health benefits for women taking statins.
 
He makes the following observations:
(a) To date, none of the large trials of secondary prevention with statins has shown a reduction in overall mortality in women.
(b) The primary prevention trials have shown neither an overall mortality benefit, nor even a reduction in cardiovascular end points in women.
(c) Women should not be prescribed statins. Not only do statins fail to provide any overall health benefit in women, they represent a massive financial drain on health services. This money could be diverted to treatments of proved value.
(d) Statins carry a substantial burden of side effects.
(e) Mass medicalisation is a dangerous road with many psychological and societal consequences.
(f) In the Scandinavian simvastatin survival study three more women died taking statins than the women who took the placebo.
(g) In the studies of primary prevention neither total mortality nor serious adverse events have been reduced.
(h) A meta-analysis published in the Lancet found that statins even failed to reduce coronary heart disease events in women.
(i) Another meta-analysis of statins in primary prevention suggested that overall mortality may actually be increased by 1% over 10 years (in both men and women).
(j) Data from 124,814 women in 19 studies and trials found that cholesterol levels had no impact on total death rates and heart disease.
(k) Studies have suggested that side effects from statins may be much more common than is recognised.
(l) One study found that 80% of athletes could not tolerate statins.
(m) Research by Golomb and McGraw found that doctors often dismiss most (probable) statin related events. Patients who met the criteria for definite or probable adverse events reported that their doctors tended to dismiss symptoms, deny specific statins adverse events, and failed to appreciate the effect of the adverse reaction on their quality of life.
(n) More evidence comes from the US Food and Drug Administration adverse event reporting system. Between November 1997 and May 2004 simvastatin was reported as a direct cause of 49,350 adverse events and 416 deaths.Adverse events are greatly under-reported, so the actual figures are likely to be much higher.
(o) Of further concern, as statins are increasingly prescribed to younger women, is the potential for birth defects, with severe neurological abnormalities reported. Spending millions on a treatment that has no proved benefit and may cause serious harm goes against the rationale of evidence based prescribing.
 
Women should not be prescribed statins as they fail to provide any overall health benefit.
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Monday, 19 December 2011

Low cholesterol levels are associated with an increase in death rates especially from cancer

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This study was published in the British Medical Journal 1995 Aug 12;311(7002):409-13

Study title and authors:
Low serum total cholesterol concentrations and mortality in middle aged British men.
Wannamethee G, Shaper AG, Whincup PH, Walker M.
Department of Public Health, Royal Free Hospital School of Medicine, London.

This study can be accessed at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7640584

7,735 men aged 40-59 were followed for nearly 15 years to examine the relationship between low cholesterol levels and causes of mortality.

The study found:
(a) Men with low cholesterol (below 4.8 mmol/l (185 mg/dL)) had a 60% increase in total death rates compared to men with cholesterol between 4.8-5.9 mmol/l (185-228 mg/dL).
(b) Men with low cholesterol (below 4.8 mmol/l (185 mg/dL)) had a significant increase in cancer death rates compared to men with cholesterol between 4.8-5.9 mmol/l (185-228 mg/dL).
(c) Low cholesterol levels were associated with an increased prevalence of several diseases and indicators of ill health.

To conclude: Low cholesterol levels are associated with an increase in death rates especially from cancer.
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Both low cholesterol levels and declining cholesterol levels are associated with increased risk of death from suicide in men

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This study was published in the British Medical Journal 1996 Sep 14;313(7058):649-51

Study title and authors:
Serum cholesterol concentration and death from suicide in men: Paris prospective study I.
Zureik M, Courbon D, Ducimetière P.
National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), Unit 258, Hôpital Broussais, Paris, France.

This study can be accessed at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8811757

The aim of the study was to investigate whether low cholesterol levels or changing cholesterol levels are associated with the risk of suicide in men.

The study contained 6,393 working men, aged 43-52, who had at least three measurements of their cholesterol levels over a 17 year period.

The study found:
(a) Men with low cholesterol (below 4.78 mmol/l (185 mg/dL)) had a 216% increase in suicide compared with men whose cholesterol was between 4.78-6.21 mmol/l (185-240mg/dL).
(b) Men whose cholesterol levels decreased by more than 0.13 mmol/l (5 mg/dL) a year had an 117% increase in suicide compared with men whose cholesterol remained stable.

To conclude: Both low cholesterol levels and declining cholesterol levels were associated with increased risk of death from suicide in men.
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Low cholesterol associated with liver cancer

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This study was published in the British Medical Journal 1993 Apr 3;306(6882):890-4

Study title and authors:
Prolonged infection with hepatitis B virus and association between low blood cholesterol concentration and liver cancer.
Chen Z, Keech A, Collins R, Slavin B, Chen J, Campbell TC, Peto R.
Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Radcliffe Infirmary.

This study can be accessed at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8490412

Hepatitis can be caused by viruses that primarily attack the liver cells, such as hepatitis B. About one fifth of the patients with chronic hepatitis B are at risk of developing cirrhosis or cancer of the liver

The study examined 1,556 apparently healthy men aged 35-64 years to determine whether prolonged infection with hepatitis B virus is associated with a lower blood cholesterol concentration. 238 (15%) of the men were positive for hepatitis B surface antigen, indicating that they were chronic carriers.

The study found:
(a) Cholesterol levels were 4.2% lower among carriers (that is, positive for hepatitis B surface antigen) than among non-carriers.
(b) Chronic hepatitis B virus infection, which usually starts in early childhood in China, seems to lead not only to a greatly increased risk of death from liver disease but also to a somewhat lower cholesterol levels in adulthood.

The study found that lower cholesterol levels lead to risk of death from liver cancer or from other chronic liver diseases.
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Low cholesterol levels lead to increased cancer and death rates

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This study was published in the British Medical Journal 1980 Feb 2;280(6210):285-7

Study title and authors:
Cholesterol and mortality in New Zealand Maoris.
Beaglehole R, Foulkes MA, Prior IA, Eyles EF.

This study can be accessed at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7357343

The relationship between cholesterol levels and mortality was studied over 11 years in 630 New Zealand Maoris aged 25-74.

The study found:
(a) Men with lower cholesterol had an 130% increased risk of death compared to men with higher cholesterol.
(b) Women with lower cholesterol had a 90% increased risk of death compared to women with higher cholesterol.
(c) Those with lower cholesterol also had an increased risk of cancer and "other" causes of death.

The results of this study provide evidence for the harmful effects of low cholesterol levels.
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