Diabetes Medication (Actos) and Heart Failure

This article is a guest post from Drug Watch. DrugWatch is an online resource which details accurate and up-to-date information on prescription and over-the-counter medications and their associated side effects. 

This article discusses the side effects of the diabetes drug Actos.

Doctors prescribe Actos (pioglitazone) to diabetes patients to control their blood sugar. Mostly used by type 2 diabetes patients, Actos reduces blood sugar by increasing the sensitivity of cells to insulin and slowing sugar production by the liver.

However, the risk for Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) is increased by 30 percent for users of Actos. Type 1 and type 2 diabetes patients are already at risk for heart disease and high blood pressure, which may cause CHF.

When the heart does not properly pump blood to the rest of the body, people develop CHF. As fluid that should be pumped by the heart builds up in the lungs, liver, gastrointestinal tract, arms and legs, patients may require preventative medicines or surgery, including a heart transplant.

One trial of more than 5,000 patients found a large percentage of patients suffered a serious heart failure event while taking Actos. 

Germany and France have reacted to studies on Actos by banning its use.

The label on the Actos box recommends that patients with the New York Heart Association Class III or IV heart failure should not use the medication. The box also warns that Actos may cause or exacerbate CHF.  Heart problems make up just one of the side effects of Actos.

Additionally, Actos use has led to bone fractures, liver problems and various types of edema. One type is known as macular edema, which occurs when there is swelling in the retina that causes blurred vision and a decreased ability to distinguish colors.

Edema, or swelling, that occurs in other parts of the body can contribute to CHF.

Numerous lawsuits by Actos userswho have developed bladder cancer — where tumors may progress to stage III, leaving only a 50 percent chance of survival — have been filed.

Symptoms indicating CHF are fatigue, loss of appetite, weakness, cough, need to urinate at night, fast or irregular pulse, weight gain, shortness of breath and swollen liver, abdomen, feet or ankles.

Patients with these symptoms should talk to their doctor right away. Patients should always discuss the risks of medication with their doctor before taking a new prescription. Together, patients and doctors can decide which medication is the right choice.

Alanna Ritchie is a writer for Drugwatch.com. An English major, she is an accomplished technical and creative writer.

Sources:
“Pioglitazone and risk of cardiovascular events in patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus” http://jama.ama-assn.org/content/298/10/1180

Singh, S, et al. (2007). Thiazolidinediones and Heart Failure: A Teleo-Analysis. Diabetes Care. Retrieved from http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/early/2007/05/29/dc07-0141.abstract

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Increasing saturated fat consumption is associated with a decrease in death rates from heart disease

This study was published in the Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 1996 Feb;49(2):211-6

Study title and authors:
Relationship between dietary intake and coronary heart disease mortality: lipid research clinics prevalence follow-up study.

Esrey KL, Joseph L, Grover SA.
Centre For the Analysis of Cost-Effective Care, Montreal General Hospital, Quebec, Canada.

This study can be accessed at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8606322

This study examined the relationship between dietary intake and death from heart disease. The study included 4,546 men, aged 30 to 79, who were followed for 12 years.

Regarding dietary saturated fat, the study found that increasing consumption of saturated fat was associated with a 3% decrease in death rates from heart disease.

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Heart attack survivors live longer if they have high cholesterol

This study was published in the Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2003 Jul;51(7):930-6

Study title and authors:

Long-term prognostic importance of total cholesterol in elderly survivors of an acute myocardial infarction: the Cooperative Cardiovascular Pilot Project.

Foody JM, Wang Y, Kiefe CI, Ellerbeck EF, Gold J, Radford MJ, Krumholz HM.

Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.

This study can be accessed at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12834512

This study sought to determine the relationship of cholesterol levels to long-term survival rates in elderly survivors of a heart attack. The study analysed the death rates of 4,923 heart attack patients aged 65 and older for six years.

The study found:
(a) After one year those with the lowest cholesterol levels (less than 160 mg/dL or 4.1 mmol/l) had 5% more deaths than those with the highest cholesterol (above 240 mg/dL or 6.2 mmol/l).
(b) After six years those with the lowest cholesterol levels (less than 160 mg/dL or 4.1 mmol/l) had 7.6% more deaths than those with the highest cholesterol (above 240 mg/dL or 6.2 mmol/l).

The results of the study show that heart attack survivors live longer if they have high cholesterol.

Links to other studies:
Men who stop smoking AND lower their cholesterol levels have a 2% increase in their death rates
Low cholesterol and increased mortality in men and women
A rise in total cholesterol reduces the risk of mortality in the oldest old

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20 year study shows that a high saturated fat diet is associated with a reduction in heart disease

This study was published in the American Journal of Epidemiology 2005 Apr 1;161(7):672-9

Study title and authors:

Dietary fat intake and risk of coronary heart disease in women: 20 years of follow-up of the nurses' health study.

Oh K, Hu FB, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC.

Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.

This study can be accessed at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15781956

This study examined the associations of dietary fat with the risk of coronary heart disease. The study included 78,778 women who were followed for 20 years.

Regarding saturated fat, the study found that women who consumed the most saturated fat had a 3% reduced risk of heart disease compared to the women who consumed the least saturated fat.

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High saturated fat diet reduces the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases

This study was published in PLoS One 2012;7(2):e31637

Study title and authors:

Dietary fiber and saturated fat intake associations with cardiovascular disease differ by sex in the Malmö Diet and Cancer Cohort: a prospective study.

Wallström P, Sonestedt E, Hlebowicz J, Ericson U, Drake I, Persson M, Gullberg B, Hedblad B, Wirfält E.

Nutrition Epidemiology Research Group, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden. peter.wallstrom@med.lu.se

This study can be accessed at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22384046

This study investigated the association between nutrient intake and the risk of cardiovascular disease. The study included 8,139 male and 12,535 female participants, aged 44 to 73, who were followed for an average of 13.5 years.

The study found:
(a) Men who consumed the most dietary fat had a 5% reduced risk of cardiovascular disease compared to men who consumed the least dietary fat.
(b) Women who consumed the most dietary fat had a 14% reduced risk of cardiovascular disease compared to women who consumed the least dietary fat.
(c) Men who consumed the most saturated fat had an 11% reduced risk of cardiovascular disease compared to men who consumed the least saturated fat.
(d) Women who consumed the most saturated fat had an 13% reduced risk of cardiovascular disease compared to women who consumed the least saturated fat.
(e) Men who consumed the most carbohydrate had a 9% increased risk of cardiovascular disease compared to men who consumed the least carbohydrate.
(f) Women who consumed the most carbohydrate had an 18% increased risk of cardiovascular disease compared to women who consumed the least carbohydrate.

The data from the study shows that a high saturated fat diet reduces the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases.

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My book now available on kindle

At long last my book Cholesterol and Saturated Fat Prevent Heart Disease is now available on kindle.



Kindle US here
Kindle UK here
Kindle France here
Kindle Germany here
Kindle Italy here

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23 year study shows a high saturated fat diet is associated with a 14% decrease in deaths from heart disease

This study was published in Cardiology 1993;82(2-3):100-21

Study title and authors:

Factors predictive of long-term coronary heart disease mortality among 10,059 male Israeli civil servants and municipal employees. A 23-year mortality follow-up in the Israeli Ischemic Heart Disease Study.

Goldbourt U, Yaari S, Medalie JH.

Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel.

This study can be accessed at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8324774

This study investigated factors that caused coronary heart disease death. The study included 10,059 men, aged 40 and over, who were followed for 23 years.

Regarding saturated fat, the study found that the men who consumed the most saturated fat had a 14% decreased risk of death from heart disease compared to the men who consumed the least saturated fat.

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Statins increase the risk of cataract

This study was published in QJM 2003 May;96(5):337-43

Study title and authors:
Cataract and the use of statins: a case-control study.

Smeeth L, Hubbard R, Fletcher AE.
Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK. liam.smeeth@lshtm.ac.uk

This study can be accessed at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12702782

The aim of the study was to assess the risk of cataracts associated with the use of statins. The study included 15,479 people with cataract and 15,479 controls without cataract.

The study found that those who were exposed to statins had a 4% increased risk of cataract compared to those who had never used statins.

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High saturated fat consumption decreases the risk of coronary heart disease by 14%

This study was published in the American Journal of Epidemiology 1984 May;119(5):667-76

 

Study title and authors:

Ten-year incidence of coronary heart disease in the Honolulu Heart Program. Relationship to nutrient intake.

McGee DL, Reed DM, Yano K, Kagan A, Tillotson J.

 

This study can be accessed at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6720666

The study investigated the association of nutrient intake to the risk of developing coronary heart disease. The study included 8,006 men, aged 45 to 68, who were followed for ten years.

The study found:
(a) In men under 60, those who consumed the most saturated fat had an 8% decreased risk of coronary heart disease compared to the men who consumed the least saturated fat.
(b)  In men over 60, those who consumed the most saturated fat had a 30% decreased risk of coronary heart disease compared to the men who consumed the least saturated fat.
(c) In all men, those who consumed the most saturated fat had a 14% decreased risk of coronary heart disease compared to the men who consumed the least saturated fat.

The data from the study shows that a higher consumption of saturated fat is associated with a decreased risk of coronary heart disease.

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Statins cause a drop in energy levels and more fatigue

This paper was published in the Archives of Internal Medicine 2012 Aug 13:1-2

Study title and authors:

Effects of Statins on Energy and Fatigue With Exertion: Results From a Randomized Controlled Trial.

Golomb BA, Evans MA, Dimsdale JE, White HL.

This study can be accessed at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22688574

The study investigated the impact of statins on energy or exertional fatigue. The study lasted for six months and included 1,016 subjects, (692 men 20 years or older and 324 nonprocreative women), who were allocated to receive either 20-mg simvastatin, 40-mg pravastatin or placebo. The subjects rated their energy and fatigue with exertion levels at the start of the study and after six months.

The study found:

(a) Those taking statins had a significant drop in energy and more fatigue on exertion. Women were more affected than men especially those taking simvastatin.

(b) Four in ten women taking simvastatin cited worsening of energy or exertional fatigue compared to women taking placebo.

(c) Two in ten women taking simvastatin cited worsening of energy and exertional fatigue compared to women taking placebo.

(d) Two in ten women taking simvastatin rated themselves "much worse" energy or exertional fatigue compared to women taking placebo.

(e) One in ten women taking simvastatin rated themselves "much worse" energy and exertional fatigue compared to women taking placebo.

The results of the study show that statin usage leads to a drop in energy levels and a worsening of exertional fatigue.

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Saturated fat lowers the risk of type 2 diabetes in older women

This study was published in Diabetes Care 2001 Sep;24(9):1528-35

 

Study title and authors:

Dietary fat and incidence of type 2 diabetes in older Iowa women.

Meyer KA, Kushi LH, Jacobs DR Jr, Folsom AR.

Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

 

This study can be accessed at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11522694

This study examined the association between dietary fat and type 2 diabetes. The study included 35,988 women aged 55 to 69 who were followed for 11 years.

With regard to saturated fat, the study found that the women who ate the most saturated fat had a 5% decreased risk of type 2 diabetes compared to the women who ate the least saturated fat.

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An increase in carbohydrates and decrease in saturated fats leads to a rise in heart attack risk

This study was published in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2010 Jun;91(6):1764-8

 

Study title and authors:

Intake of carbohydrates compared with intake of saturated fatty acids and risk of myocardial infarction: importance of the glycemic index.

Jakobsen MU, Dethlefsen C, Joensen AM, Stegger J, Tjønneland A, Schmidt EB, Overvad K.

Department of Clinical Epidemiology Aarhus University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark. muj@dce.au.dk muj@dce.au.dk

 

This study can be accessed at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20375186

The study aimed to investigate the risk of myocardial infarction (heart attack) associated with a higher intake from carbohydrates and a concomitant lower intake from saturated fats. The study included 53,644 participants who were followed for 12 years.

The study found that for every 5% increase in carbohydrate consumption and concomitant 5% decrease in saturated fat consumption there was a 4% increase in the risk of a heart attack.

Further reading:
Cholesterol and Saturated Fat Prevent Heart Disease - Evidence from 101 Scientific Papers

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With only 12 weeks of statin therapy, 36% of the patients have side effects

This study was published in QJM 1999 Jul;92(7):387-94

Study title and authors:

Atorvastatin compared with simvastatin-based therapies in the management of severe familial hyperlipidaemias.

Wierzbicki AS, Lumb PJ, Semra Y, Chik G, Christ ER, Crook MA.

Department of Chemical Pathology, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK. Anthony.Wierzbicki@ukcl.ac.uk

This study can be accessed at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10627888

The study investigated the side effects caused by statin therapy (Lipitor). Patients unable to tolerate previous statin therapy were excluded from the study. The trial lasted for 12 weeks and included 201 "patients" with alleged high cholesterol.

The study found:
(a) 36% of patients had to withdraw from the trial because of side effects.
(b) 7% of patients suffered from diarrhoea.
(c) 5% of patients developed an erythematous rash (An erythematous rash is characterized by redness resulting from skin inflammation surrounding a patch of skin where a rash is located).
(d) 4% of patients suffered from joint pains.

After only 12 weeks of statin (Lipitor) therapy, over a third of the patients had to withdraw from the trial because of side effects.

Useful book: How Statin Drugs Really Lower Cholesterol: And Kill You One Cell at a Time

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Statins adversely affect asthma

This study was published in the Annals of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology 2009 Dec;103(6):463-8

Study title and authors:
The effect of statin therapy on allergic patients with asthma.

Ostroukhova M, Kouides RW, Friedman E.
Department of Medicine, Rochester General Hospital, Rochester, New York, USA.

This study can be accessed at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20084838

The objective of the study was to ascertain whether statin use adversely affects asthma. The study included 24 patients who were on statin therapy and 26 controls, not on statin therapy.

The study found after six months:
(a) There was a significant 3% worsening of forced expiratory volume in 1 second (a worsening of lung function) for the statin group compared with the controls.
(b) 40% more patients in the statin group needed increased asthma medication compared with the controls.
(c) 63% more patients in the statin group used albuterol more frequently compared with the controls. (Albuterol is used to prevent and treat wheezing, difficulty breathing and chest tightness caused by lung diseases).
(d) 33% more patients in the statin group had more nocturnal awakenings compared with the controls.
(e) 34% more patients in the statin group had to see the doctor more frequently for acute asthma.

This study demonstrates that statin use adversely affects asthma.

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Red meat protects women from premature ovarian failure

This study was published in the International Journal of General Medicine 2012; 5: 335–338

Study title and authors 

Premature ovarian failure risk factors in an Iranian population

Alieh Ghassemzadeh, Laya Farzadi, and Elaheh Beyhaghi

¹Women’s Reproductive Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran

²Alzahra University Hospital, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran

Correspondence: Laya Farzadi, Alzahra University Hospital, Artesh Ave, Tabriz, Iran, Tel +98 411 329 19130, Fax +98 411 556 6449, Email l.farzadi@yahoo.com

This study can be accessed at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3346197/

Premature ovarian failure is the loss of function of the ovaries before age 40. Infertility, osteoporosis, decreased bone density, heart disease and auto-immune disorders can result from this condition.

The aim of this study was to determine the correlation of diet with premature ovarian failure. The study included 80 patients with premature ovarian failure and 80 controls.

Regarding the consumption of red meat, the study found that women with premature ovarian failure consumed 64% less red meat compared to women without premature ovarian failure.

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After only six months of therapy with a statin (Zocor), nearly a quarter of the patients suffered from side effects

This study was published in the New Zealand Medical Journal 1991 Nov 27;104(924):493-5

Study title and authors:

Simvastatin and side effects.

Scott RS, Lintott CJ, Wilson MJ.

Princess Margaret Hospital, Christchurch.

This study can be accessed at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1745460

The object of the study was to investigate the side effects of simvastatin (Zocor). The study included 110 patients newly commenced on simvastatin who completed a side effects questionnaire after six months of therapy.

The study found:
(a) 23.6% of patients suffered side effects.
(b) 13.6% of patients suffered muscle aches.
(c) 4.5% of patients suffered gastrointestinal symptoms.

After only six months of therapy with a statin (Zocor), nearly a quarter of the patients suffered from side effects.

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The deadly effects statins have on the mevalonate pathway

Our food is used by the body in a myriad of ways. One of these is the mevalonate pathway. Please refer to the mevalonate pathway diagram below that shows some of the end products (dolichols, tau proteins (not shown) , heme A, prenylated proteins (farnesylated & geranylgeranylated proteins), isopentenyl adenine, Ubiquinone, selenoproteins (not shown) and cholesterol) of the mevalonate pathway that are blocked by statins.

Mevalonate Pathway

Food is turned into a compound called acetyl-CoA. In the mevalonate pathway this is then eventually converted into another compound called 3-hydroxy-3-methyglutaryl coenzme A (HGM CoA). An enzyme called HMG-CoA reductase should then convert the 3-hydroxy-3-methyglutaryl coenzme A (HGM CoA) into mevalonate, a precursor of cholesterol.

Statin drugs work by inhibiting the HMG-CoA reductase enzyme from doing this task and unfortunately thereby ultimately stops the body producing cholesterol. This is unfortunate as cholesterol is a vital nutrient needed by the body.

As noted above mevalonate is also the precursor to many other beneficial nutrients and compounds such as dolichols, tau proteins, heme A, prenylated proteins, isopentenyl adenine, Ubiquinone and selenoproteins. By stopping the production of mevalonate, statins also have the disastrous effect of stopping the production of these essential and vital compounds.

A brief examination follows of the consequences statin drugs have on these fundamental and necessary health providing nutrients and compounds.

Dolichols

Dolichols play an important role in cell vitality, immune system health and in helping the body build proteins and other important compounds.

Dolichols exist in the cells of all living creatures. Low dolichol levels can cause such health problems as:

• decrease in energy
• compromised immune system
• hormone imbalance or deficiency
• low sperm count
• cell damage or cell death
• poor brain function
• nervous disorders
• depression
• neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's

Tau protein

Statins cause the formation of abnormal tau protein.

This abnormal tau protein is linked to:

·         amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

·         Alzheimer’s

·         frontal lobe dementia

·         multiple system atrophy (degenerative neurological disorder)

·         Parkinson’s

·         other neurodegenerative diseases

Heme A

Heme A is a molecule that plays a part in many processes:

Low levels of heme A may lead to:

·         depleted energy production in cells

·         DNA damage

·         muscle pain

·         neuron damage

·         cell death

·         premature aging

Prenylated proteins

Prenylated proteins are involved in many functions.

Low levels of prenylated proteins are associated with:

·         disruption in cell wall maintenance

·         abnormal endocytosis (the process of cells absorbing molecules such as proteins)

·         failed cell replication

·         subnormal cell growth

·         disordered cell signalling

·         underdeveloped cytoskeleton (the cells internal skeleton)

·         faulty nervous system development

·         depleted energy production

Isopentenyl adenine

Isopentenyl adenine is vital for DNA replication in the cell cycle. DNA is the blueprint of a cell. So without isopentenyl adenine there is no blueprint, and without the blueprint the cell will die before it can replicate.

Ubiquinone (coenzyme Q10)

Ubiquinone is vital to the production of energy in the body and is also a potent antioxidant.

Depleted levels of ubiquinone are linked to:

·         physical and mental fatigue

·         chronic pain

·         weak immune system

·         increased risk of heart disease and obesity

·         neurological disorders (Parkinson’s,  Huntington's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis)

Selenoproteins

Selenoproteins are proteins that have antioxidant activity.

A deficiency in selenoproteins may lead to:

·         neurological damage

·         developmental delay

·         impaired movement co-ordination

·         poor memory

·         muscle damage

Cholesterol

Cholesterol is probably the most important substance in the body. Without cholesterol we would die. It does many things to keep us alive. It is the main precursor in the synthesis of many crucial hormones including vitamin D3 (the sunlight hormone); the steroid hormones cortisol, cortisone, and aldosterone in the adrenal glands; and the sex hormones progesterone, estrogen, and testosterone. It is so important that almost every cell in the body can make it. Cholesterol is crucial for the body to function.

Low cholesterol is associated with many health problems including:

·         abscess of the anal and rectal region

·         abscess of the intestine

·         abscess on the brain

·         abscess on the spinal cord

·         accidents

·         adrenal failure

·         adrenal hormones deficiency

·         aggression

·         AIDS

·         aldosterone deficiency

·         Alzheimer’s

·         androstenedione deficiency

·         antisocial personality disorder

·         appendicitis

·         arthropathy

·         asbestosis

·         asthma

·         autism

·         bacteremia

·         bartholin cyst

·         behavioural problems

·         bile acid deficiency

·         boils

·         bronchitis

·         cancer

·         carbuncle

·         cardiac death

·         cardiovascular disease

·         cell membranes impairment

·         cellulitis

·         cervicitis

·         childbirth problems

·         chlamydia

·         cholangitis

·         chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

·         colds

·         colon cancer

·         conduct disorder

·         corticosterone deficiency

·         coughs

·         Crohn’s

·         dementia

·         depression

·         digestive system disorders

·         diverticulosis

·         early death

·         eczema

·         emphysema

·         empyema

·         encephalitis

·         endocarditis

·         endotoxic shock

·         estrogen deficiency

·         fatigue

·         gangrene

·         gastrointestinal diseases

·         genito-urinary infections

·         gonorrhoea

·         gout

·         heart attack

·         heart disease

·         heart failure

·         hemodynamics

·         hemorrhagic stroke

·         hepatitis B

·         hepatitis C

·         herpes

·         homicides

·         hormone deficiency

·         hyperactivity

·         impaired cognition

·         impetigo

·         infections

·         infective myositis

·         inflammatory bowel disease

·         influenza

·         injury

·         insomnia

·         intermittent claudication

·         intestinal infections

·         intracerebral hemorrhage

·         irritability

·         ischemic heart disease

·         ischemic stroke

·         kidney disease

·         laryngitis

·         liver disease

·         lung disease

·         lymphadenitis

·         lymphocytes

·         mediastinitis

·         memory loss

·         meningitis1

·         meningococcal sepsis

·         mental disorder

·         minor illnesses

·         muscle-skeletal infections

·         myelin deficiency

·         myelitis

·         oophoritis

·         nerve cell deterioration

·         nonischemic systolic heart failure

·         nonvascular disease

·         osteomyelitis

·         pancreatic cancer

·         Parkinson’s

·         pelvic inflammatory disease

·         periostitis

·         physicians

·         photosensitivity

·         pilonidal cyst

·         pleurisy

·         pneumonia

·         pneumuconiosis

·         poor health  

·         poor social interaction

·         progesterone

·         pulmonary congestion

·         pulmonary fibrosis

·         pyoderma

·         respiratory system diseased

·         retarded embryonic development

·         rhinitis

·         rheumatic pneumonia

·         rheumatoid arthritis

·         ringworm

·         rotavirus

·         runny nose

·         salmonella

·         salpingitis

·         schizophrenia

·         self-injury

·         septicaemia

·         septic shock

·         sinusitis

·         skin rash

·         slow growth

·         Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome

·         sore throat

·         stroke

·         sudden cardiac death

·         sudden death

·         suicide

·         synapse impairment

·         syphilis

·         tantrums

·         T-cells impairment

·         testosterone deficiency

·         thrush

·         tonsillitis

·         trauma

·         trichomoniasis

·         trichotillomania

·         tuberculosis

·         ulcerative colitis

·         urinary tract infections

·         vaginitis

·         vascular disease

·         venereal diseases

·         violence

·         viral hepatitis

·         vitamin A deficiency

·         vitamin D deficiency

·         vitamin E deficiency

·         vitamin K deficiency

·         weak immune system

The above shows how statins adversely affect many vital nutrients and compounds which can result in many deleterious health effects and an early death.

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